What is each country's exchange rate really anchored to?

For every country we cover: the official reference its monetary authority publishes, and what banks actually price against for cash, transfers and cards. We label every claim — mandated by law, market convention, or not yet verified by us — because those are three very different things.

"Official reference" is the daily series the country's monetary authority itself publishes (for example the ECB euro reference rates, or the HKMA's data under Hong Kong's Linked Exchange Rate System). It is a fact about the currency — not the rate any bank gives you. The per-type columns describe what banks actually price against. Indicative information, verified progressively; nothing here is financial advice.